| Jicarilla | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abáachi mizaa | ||||
| Spoken in | USA | |||
| Region | New Mexico | |||
| Native speakers | 812 (1990) | |||
| Language family |
Dené–Yeniseian
|
|||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | apj | |||
|
||||
Jicarilla (Jicarilla Apache: Abáachi mizaa) is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Jicarilla Apache.
Contents |
Jicarilla has 34 consonants:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | labial | |||||
| Stop | voiced | d | ||||||
| unaspirated | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |||
| aspirated | tʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |||||
| ejective | tʼ | kʼ | ||||||
| Affricate | unaspirated | ts | tɬ | tʃ | ||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tɬʰ | tʃʰ | |||||
| ejective | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | h | |
| voiced | z | ʒ | ɣ | ɣʷ | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||
The consonant /t ʰ/, occurring in most other Athabaskan languages, only occurs alone in a few forms in Jicarilla and has mostly merged with /k ʰ/. This consequently has made most of the aspirated stops in Jicarilla velar.[1]
The consonant /n/ can appear as a syllable and bear a high or low tone, but not a falling tone.[5] High-toned /ń/ actually represents an underlying syllable, /nÍ/.[6] There are four possible contours for Vowel-/n/ and /n/-/n/ combinations: Low-high, High-low, High-high, and Low-low. The contours are illustrated in the following table [7]:
| Contour | Vowel-/n/ Combination | Gloss | /n/-/n/ Combination | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-High | ‘’héenkés’’ | ’What time is it?’ | ‘‘Nńde’’ | ’stand up’ |
| High-low | ‘’Ánł’íí’’ | ’You (sg.) are doing something, trying’ | ‘’ńnshé’’ | ’You sheared it’ |
| High-high | ‘‘’igo’áń’’ | ’hole’ | ‘’Ha’ńń’’ | ’whoever’ |
| Low-low | ‘’‘ágonlaa’’ | ’You (sg.) made something’ | ‘’Bił nnzíí’’ | ’You got sleepy’ |
(Modified from Tuttle & Sandoval 2002, p. 109)
/n/ may occur between /t/, /ʔ/, or /n/ and any stem-initial consonant, but when /n/ occurs alone before a stem-initial consonant, it forms a syllable of its own.[8] When preceded by another prefix consonant, /n/ may or may not be judged to form a syllable by native speakers of Jicarilla.[9]
Jicarilla has 16 vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | ||
| Close | oral | i (ɪ) | iː | ||||
| nasal | ĩ (ɪ̃) | ĩː (ɪ̃ː) | |||||
| Close-mid | oral | e | eː | o (ʊ) | oː | ||
| nasal | ẽ | ẽː | õ | õː | |||
| Open | oral | a (ə) | aː | ||||
| nasal | ã | ãː | |||||
All vowels may be
The long high front oral vowel is phonetically higher than its nasal and short counterparts ([iː] vs. [ɪ, ɪ̃, ɪ̃ː]). The short back vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ʊ] vs. [oː, õ, õː]). The short low vowel is higher than its long and nasal counterparts ([ə] vs. [aː, ã, ãː]).
Nasal vowels are indicated by underlining in the Jicarilla orthography.
Jicarilla has three different tones: high, low, and falling.
High tone is indicated with an acute accent. Low tone is unmarked. Falling tone is indicated by a sequence of acute-accented vowel and an unmarked vowel.
Syllables may be constructed as CV, CVC, or CV:C (C – Consonant; V – Vowel) depending on the morphology of a sequence. Onset may be any consonant, but coda consonants are limited to /ʔ/, /l/, /ɬ/, /ʃ/, /h/, /s/and /n/.[11]
A study of the durational effects of Jicarilla Apache show that morphology and prosody both affect and determine the durational realization of consonants and syllables.[12] It was found that in a recording of a passage read by native speakers stem, suffix, and particle syllables were found to be longer than prefix syllables, but there is not enough a distinction to see difference in duration.[13] Syllables at the end of phrases were lengthened differently than syllables lengthened because of stress; this is in regards to a ratio of onset lengthening to rhyme lengthening.[14] This study was only a beginning to analysis of Apachean language prosody.[15]
The Athabaskan morphophonological process known as the "d-effect" occurs when 1st pl/dual iid- is prefixed to a verb stem. The following examples are taken from Phone, Olson and Martinez 2007: 39:
-iid- + classifier [ƚ] → [ƚ] ex. ‘óoƚkai’(</’o-iid-ƚ-kai’/) ‘we two count it’ -iid- + stem initial [ʔ] → [t’] ex. hit’aaƚ(</hi-iid-‘aaƚ/) 'we two chew it’ -iid- + stem initial [m] → [h] ex. hiihmas(</hi-iid-mas/) ‘we two are rolling’ -iid- + stem initial [n] → [h] ex. goohndé (</go-iid-ndé/) 'we two shout’ -iid- + stem initial [y] → [d], [dz] ex. hiidá (</hi-iid-yá/) ‘we two eat it’ -iid- + stem initial gh [ɣ] → [g] ex. hiigá (</hi-iid-ghá/) ‘we two kill them’ -iid- + stem initial [z] → [dz] ex. naa’iidzii(</naa-í-iid-zii/) 'we two work’ -iid- + stem initial [l] → [tƚ] ex. haatƚee (</ha-iid-lee/) ‘we two pull it out with a rope’ -iid- + other consonant → ø (zero) ex. hiiká' (</hi-iid-ká’/) ‘we two pound (a drum)’
| Abáchii miizaa | English Translation |
|---|---|
| Shíí Rita shíízhii. Lósii’yé shii’deeshchíí shíí á’ee néésai. Shiika’éé na’iizii’íí nahiikéyaa’íí miiná’iisdzo’íí éí yaa shishíí. Shii’máá éí gé koghá’yé sidá nahaa daashishíí. Shiidádéé naakii. Dáłaa’é éí édii. Dáłaa’é éí dá aada’é miigha. Shiishdázha dáłánéé. Ałtso nada’iizii. Łe’ dá á’ee Lósii’ee daamigha. Isgwéela’yé naséyá, éí Lósii’ee naséyá dá áństs’íísédá. Łe’gó Santa Fe’yé dáłaa’é hai shee goslíí á’ee. Łe’gó Ináaso’yé éí kái’ii hai shee goslíí.... | My name is Rita. I was born and grew up in Dulce. My father worked to take care of our land. My mother stayed home and took care of all of us. I had two sisters. One of them is deceased. The other lives far from here. I have many younger sisters. They all work. Some of them live in Dulce. When I was a youngster, I went to school in Dulce. Then I lived for a year in Santa Fe. Later I lived three years in Ignacio.... |
The Jicarilla people have been in contact with Spanish-speaking and English-speaking peoples for a long time and have over time adopted loanwords that have influenced Jicarilla phonology.[16] Most of the sounds used to take in a loanword from Spanish are sounds in Jicarilla. Some sounds not occurring in Jicarilla phonology are changed into Jicarilla as follows:
*Or /l/ as in ‘’béela’’ (from ‘pera’ ‘pear’)
*Or /ʔ/ as in ‘’ga’ée’’ (from ‘café’ ‘coffee’) *Or /k/ as in ‘’kéesda’’ (from ‘fiesta’ ‘party’)
Words of Spanish origin using /p/ in Jicarilla are the only instances where the /p/ or any other labial obstruent did not descend from a sonorant.
‘’Báayoo’’ (from ‘paño’ ‘scarf’)
‘’Bíił’’ (from ‘automóvil’ ‘automobile’)
‘’Bołdóon’’ (from ‘bulto’ ‘small haystack’)
‘’Gołjóon’’ (from ‘colchón’ ‘mattress’)
(Observations from entries in Pono, et al., p. 9-16)
|
|||||||||||||